Python sort key

Python sort key

26. The most generic way to do this is simply to sort separately by each key in turn. Python's sorting is always stable so it is safe to do this: sort (data, key=tiebreakerkey) sort (data, key=datekey, reverse=True) will (assuming the relevant definitions for the key functions) give you the data sorted by descending date and ascending tiebreakers.How to write Python sort key functions for descending values. In Python 3, it's pretty easy to sort a list of objects lexicographically using multiple keys. For example: items.sort (key = lambda obj: obj.firstname, obj.lastname) The reverse argument lets you specify whether you want ascending or descending order.sorted() creates a new sorted list - in your case a list of tuples representing the dictionary items. Dicts are still unordered in Python. The new order preserving representation in 3.6 and newer is considered an implementation detail and should not be relied upon. If you need an ordered dict, use collections.OrderedDict. -sorted_list = sorted (unsorted_list, key=str.casefold) In Python 2 use lower (): sorted_list = sorted (unsorted_list, key=lambda s: s.lower ()) It works for both normal and unicode strings, since they both have a lower method. In Python 2 it works for a mix of normal and unicode strings, since values of the two types can be compared with each ...@SilentGhost Maybe I'm misreading, but when I look at the linked docs i see that sort accepts a /key/ function in python 3, but not a /comparison/ function. - Steven Rumbalski. Oct 20, 2010 at 17:24. 1Sep 3, 2021 · How to use the sorted() method in Python. This method will return a new sorted list from an iterable. Examples of iterables would be lists, strings, and tuples. One key difference between sort() and sorted() is that sorted() will return a new list while sort() sorts the list in place. Method #1 : Using len () + sort () + dictionary comprehension + items () In this, we perform the task of sorting using sort (), items () is used to get tuple pair from the dictionary, len () gets the keys lengths. Then dictionary comprehension performs the task of converting back to dictionary. Python3. def get_len (key):著者, Andrew Dalke and Raymond Hettinger,, リリース, 0.1,. Python のリストにはリストをインプレースに変更する、組み込みメソッド list.sort() があります。他にもイテラブルからソートしたリストを作成する組み込み関数 sorted() があります。 このドキュメントでは Python を使った様々なソートのテクニック ... Python 列表. Python List sort ()方法 Python 列表 描述 sort () 函数用于对原列表进行排序,如果指定参数,则使用比较函数指定的比较函数。. 语法 sort ()方法语法: list.sort (cmp=None, key=None, reverse=False) 参数 cmp -- 可选参数, 如果指定了该参数会使用该参数的方法进行排序 ...Teams. Q&A for work. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Learn more about TeamsIn this section, you’ll learn how to sort a list of lists in Python using the .sort () method. In this example, we’ll sort a list of lists by their length, in ascending order (from shortest to longest). Again, we can do this by using the key= parameter and passing in the len callable. This will sort by the returned value of the len ...The list.sort method will call the key function once for each value in the list, passing the value as the first positional argument. That value will be bound to whatever variable name is used in the function declaration (regardless of whether it's a def or a lambda ). In your example, a better name might be val or item, since it's going to be ...There are two operations you could potentially wish to carry out. 1.) for each element in the original list, get that element's position in the sorted list. 2.) for each element in the sorted list, get that element's position in the original list. In your example, the sorted array indices [0,3,4,1,2] satisfy both tasks, but in general this is ...You can use the sort key along with a prefix to keep a record of item-level revisions such as V0, V1, V2, etc.; If you need to query a subset of items, use a composite primary key. For example, if you only provide the value for the BookAuthor, DynamoDB retrieves all of that author's books.You can provide a value for the BookAuthor and a range of _BookTitle_ values to retrieve only a subset of ...Here is an example to pretty print the sorted contents of a Python dictionary values: for key, value in sorted (dict_example.items (), key=lambda d_items: d_items [1]): print (" {} : {}".format (key, value)) The Python pprint module actually already sorts dictionaries by key.An existing Python function can certainly be passed into .sort() or sorted() as the key. This simple implementation is a good start for us to learn how to use the key …For example: Basically, this would sort key 0 with FF TT SS order and then sort key 3 with SS TT FF. import re def sort_names (format_ids, selector, key=1, forced_order=None): if isinstance (key, int): key = [key] def convert (x): try: return float (x [:-1]) except ValueError: return x def sort_keys (ik): def split_fid (x): x = re.findall ...key callable, optional. If not None, apply the key function to the series values before sorting. This is similar to the key argument in the builtin sorted() function, with the notable difference that this key function should be vectorized. It should expect a Series and return an array-like. Returns: Series or Nonethis generates tuples of (the first element, negative of the second element) When you sort 2-tuples, they are sorted based on. The first element. If the first elements are equal, then the second element. So. arr.sort (key=lambda x: (x [0],-x [1])) Sorts the list arr based on: the first element.sorted () orders the values in num_list in ascending order by default, i.e. smallest to largest. The original values of num_list are not changed. sorted () being called, returns an ordered list of values. Since sorted () function returns the list in order, we can assign the returned list to another variable:This is because the algorithm is guaranteed to be stable and the three of them had the same intermediate value (key) during the sorting process (their length was 2, so their key was 2). 💡 Tip: The same happened with "A" and "B" (length 1) and "AAA" and "BBB" (length 3), their original order relative to each other was preserved.In Python, the dictionary stores unordered data that contains "key:value" pairs seperated by commas inside curly brackets. The Python dictionary class does ...In Python (and most languages) dictionaries are unsorted, so you can't "sort" a dictionary. You can retrieve and sort the keys and iterate through those: for key in sorted (product_list.keys ()): item = product_list [key] item.doSomething () Or you can use a OrderDict, like so: from collections import OrderedDict.I want to sort a list of tuples where the tuples are of type (a, b) where a and b are integers. The key for sorting the list should be the difference between a and b i.e a - b and to break the ties, it should sort on a, both in descending order. def sort (list): scores = sorted (list, key=lambda list: list [0], reverse=True) scores = sorted ...You can use the built-in sorted() function in Python to sort a list of numbers or integer values. This method will return a new list after sorting list. Alternatively, you can also use the sort() function to sort numbers, this updates the sort in place, meaning that it will modify the original list and you won't need to create a new list.Comparing and Sorting ¶. Comparing and Sorting. Python 3 is strict when comparing objects of disparate types. It also drops cmp -based comparison and sorting in favor of rich comparisons and key-based sorting, modern alternatives that have been available at least since Python 2.4. Details and porting strategies follow.多次元リストを複数キーでソートする. 今回、多次元リストのソートには、関数sorted ()とlambda式というものを使います。. 昇順にソートできました!. !.First, sort the keys alphabetically using key_value.iterkeys () function. Second, sort the keys alphabetically using the sorted (key_value) function & print the value corresponding to it. Third, sort the values alphabetically using key_value.iteritems (), key = lambda (k, v) : (v, k))The function you pass as key is applied to every element, i.e. you cannot sort only some elements by using key. You can however sort part of the list and create new one combining unsorted (first 3 elements) and sorted (the remaining elements). That said - how exactly you "sort" the day, month and the year, i.e.Python List sort() - Sorts Ascending or Descending List The list.sort() method sorts the elements of a list in ascending or descending order using the default < comparisons operator between items. Use the key parameter to pass the function name to be used for comparison instead of the default < operator. 2 Answers. Sorted by: 1. In lst.sort (key=lambda x: x [0]) you are sorting the list by the first element in each sublist, when the rest are ignored. In lst.sort (key=lambda x: (x [0], -x [1])) you are sorting the list by the first element, and in case there are two elements with the same value the sorting will be done by the second element.sorting tuples in python with a custom key. 10. sorting list of tuples by arbitrary key. 2. Sorting a list of tuples on multiple keys. 1. How to apply key function on tuple elems in sorted()? 0. Python 3.3 Sorting a tuple list with multiple keys. 0. Python tuples as keys and objects as values. 2.Sep 15, 2023 · Python list sort() function can be used to sort List with Python in ascending, descending, or user-defined order. In each case, the time complexity is O(nlogn) in Python. Python List sort() Syntax. To sort the list in Python, we use the sort() function in Python. Syntax: List_name.sort(reverse=True/False, key=myFunc) Parameter: The line list.sort (cmp=lambda a,b:-1 if b==0 else 0) itself: Now, the condition in the comparator is whether b==0, if so indicate that b has a bigger value than a (the sign of the result is negative), otherwise indicate that the values compare the same (the sign is zero). Whilst Python's list.sort () is stable, this code is not sane, because ...Jun 15, 2020 · Or the second sorted could be replaced by doing an in-place sort on the intermediate list: l1 = sorted (l, key=lambda k:k ['surname'], reverse=True) l1.sort (key=lambda k:k ['name']) print (l1) A possible solution to avoid having to sort twice would be to define a comparison function cmp2 returning -1, 0 or 1 as appropriate (note the reversed ... sorted() function. The sorted() function can accept three parameters: the iterable, the key, and reverse. In other words, the sort() method only works on lists, but the sorted() function can work on any iterable, such as lists, tuples, dictionaries, and others.Method-10: Python sort dictionary by key using pandas module. Pandas introduces two new data types to Python: Series and DataFrame.The DataFrame represents your entire spreadsheet or rectangular data, whereas the Series is a single column of the DataFrame.Python comes with everything you need to sort lists of tuples without writing your own sorting functions. It is just a matter of defining the key function, which computes the sorting value. You’ve successfully learned sorting in Python – specifically, sorting lists of tuples in Python using several different methods.Use dict.items() to get a list of tuple pairs from d and sort it using sorted(). Use dict() to convert the sorted list back to a dictionary. Use the reverse parameter in sorted() to sort the dictionary in reverse order, based on the second argument. Python Code:list.sort accepts optional key function. Each item is passed to the function, and the return value of the function is used to compare items instead of the original values. Each item is passed to the function, and the return value of the function is used to compare items instead of the original values.2 days ago · list. sort (*, key = None, reverse = False) Sort the items of the list in place (the arguments can be used for sort customization, see sorted() for their explanation). list. reverse Reverse the elements of the list in place. list. copy Return a shallow copy of the list. Equivalent to a[:]. An example that uses most of the list methods: 21. key = lambda x: (len (x [0]), x [0], x [1]) This works because tuples (and lists) are compared by looking at each element in turn until a difference is found. So when you want to sort on multiple criteria in order of preference, just stick each criterion into an element of a tuple, in the same order.sorted () With a key Argument. One of the most powerful components of sorted () is the keyword argument called key. This argument expects a function to be passed to it, and that function will be used on each value in the list being sorted to determine the resulting order. The How to Python tutorial series strays from the usual in-depth coding articles by exploring byte-sized problems in Python. In this series, students will dive into unique topics such as How to Invert a Dictionary, How to Sum Elements of Two Lists, and How to Check if a File Exists.. Each problem is explored from the naive approach to the …8. I would implement __lt__ and __eq__ and then use the functools.total_ordering class decorator to get the rest of the comparison methods. If it doesn't make sense to have your vectors ordered like that, then you can always just use the key keyword to sort (or sorted for that matter):You can also use one of Python's many SortedDict container types. These types automatically maintain the dictionary sorted in key-order. Take a look at the sortedcontainers module which is pure-Python and fast-as-C-implementations. Python is one of the most popular programming languages, known for its simplicity and versatility. If you’re a beginner looking to enhance your Python skills, engaging in mini projects can be an excellent way to practice and solidify your u...In this short guide, learn how to sort a list in Python using the built-in sort() and sorted() functions. sort() is a method of the list class, and sorts the list in-place, returning None. sorted() is a method built into the Python namespace, and sorts the list out-of-place, returning a sorted copy of the list, without affecting the original one.Python has the ability to index from the end of a list. Hence, x[-1] refers to the last element, x[-2] refers to the second to last element, etc. a.sort(key=lambda x: x[-1]). key callable, optional. Apply the key function to the values before sorting. This is similar to the key argument in the builtin sorted() function, with the notable difference that this key function should be vectorized. It should expect a Series and return a Series with the same shape as the input. It will be applied to each column in by ...Method #3: Using heapq.nsmallest() Import the heapq module. Initialize an empty list to store the absolute difference between each element of the given list and the given value of K.The sort() method and the sorted() function take a key argument:. var.sort(key=lambda v: v.upper()) The function named in key is called for each value and the return value is used when sorting, without affecting the actual values: 정렬 HOW TO. ¶. 저자. Andrew Dalke와 Raymond Hettinger. 배포. 0.1. 파이썬 리스트에는 리스트를 제자리에서 (in-place) 수정하는 내장 list.sort () 메서드가 있습니다. 또한, 이터러블로부터 새로운 정렬된 리스트를 만드는 sorted () 내장 함수가 있습니다. 이 문서에서는 ... The items () method returns a list of key-value pairs as tuples. By passing this list to the sorted () function, we can sort the tuples based on their first element (the …Write a Python program to sort unsorted numbers using Pigeonhole sorting. Pigeonhole sorting is a sorting algorithm that is suitable for sorting lists of elements where the number of elements (n) and the length of the range of possible key values (N) are approximately the same. It requires O (n + N) time.If you want to detect the approximate grid structure and order the circles by that structure, you'll need something a lot more complex than a sort by two keys. sortedC = sorted (correctC) for index in range (0, len (sortedC), 4): sortedC [index:index + 4] = sorted (sortedC [index:index + 4], key=lambda x: x [1])Sometimes, people phrase the problem differently: given two lists, they would like to use one to determine the sort order for the other - i.e., sort list2 in the order described by the corresponding values in list1.The trick is that this is equivalent to sorting the "key" values (list1), and then rearranging list2 in the same way. In other words, exactly what is described here.Method 1: In order to sort objects of a user-defined class, a key needs to be set for the sorted method, such that the key will be an indicator of how the objects should be sorted. With reference to the examples given below, here a function has been provided to the key which one by one compares the specified variable value for each object and ...著者, Andrew Dalke and Raymond Hettinger,, リリース, 0.1,. Python のリストにはリストをインプレースに変更する、組み込みメソッド list.sort() があります。他にもイテラブルからソートしたリストを作成する組み込み関数 sorted() があります。 このドキュメントでは Python を使った様々なソートのテクニック ... Here I found some simplest solution to sort the python dict by key using pprint . eg. >>> x = {'a': 10, 'cd': 20, 'b': 30, 'az': 99} >>> print x {'a': 10, 'b': 30, 'az': 99, …Syntax: os.path.isfile (path) Return: This method returns a Boolean value of class bool. This method returns True if specified path is an existing regular file, otherwise returns False. The os.path.getctime flag would be used to find the creation timestamps of these files, which would be used to sort them based on their creation time.To provide the best experiences, we and our partners use technologies like cookies to store and/or access device information. Consenting to these technologies will allow us and our partners to process personal data such as browsing behavior or unique IDs on this site and show (non-) personalized ads.Sort a dictionary in python based on keys in ascending order. 3. Sorting a dictionary by its value in descending order and its key in ascending order. Hot Network Questions he used to smoke with me Better proof for a proposition when a proof is already available Did Netanyahu recently say "We will turn Gaza into a deserted island"? ...Method 3: Use the itemgetter () method from the operator module. Step-by-step approach: Import the operator module. Initialize the nested dictionary. Print the original dictionary. Use the sorted () function to sort the dictionary by the key. Print the sorted dictionary.The key function is applied to each element of the list, to create a pseudo list of the new values returned from that function. Then, the sorting is done based ...So I was solving a problem and I found out sort is not stable-sort if key is not provided it will sort according to the second element if key is not provided but according to documentation its always stable sort: The sort() method is guaranteed to be stable. A sort is stable if it guarantees not to change the relative order of elements that compare equal — this is helpful for sorting in ...1 That would sort by the tuples (-value, key). It would end up sorting by the values from greatest to least, and breaking ties with the keys. The result would be [ ('Baker', 20), ('Charlie', 20), ('Dog', 15), ('Able', 10)]. – Cyphase Aug 26, 2015 at 23:31 the_list.sort() # sorts normally by alphabetical order the_list.sort(key=len, reverse=True) # sorts by descending length Python's sort is stable, which means that sorting the list by length leaves the elements in alphabetical order when the length is equal. You can also do it like this: the_list.sort(key=lambda item: (-len(item), item)) Add a comment. 1. You can use sorted () and pass as a key lambda function which converts your string into a list of indexes of each char of this string in your custom alphabet: words = ['miel', 'extraterrestre', 'al', 'automovil', 'auto', 'revestir'] g = 'zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcba' sorted_words = sorted (words, key=lambda w: [g.index (c) for c ...new_list = num_list.sort(key = absolute_value) print(new_list) # None Using built-in functions. Instead of writing our own absolute_value function as we did above, we could have just passed in the python built-in abs() function for the key parameter as follows: num_list.sort(key = abs)A lambda is an anonymous function: >>> f = lambda: 'foo' >>> print(f()) foo It is often used in functions such as sorted() that take a callable as a parameter (often the key keyword parameter). You could provide an existing function instead of a lambda there too, as long as it is a callable object.. Take the sorted() function as an example. It'll return the given …I have a list of lists where the first element of each nested list is an identifier. I would like to use that identifier to sort the nested lists in alphabetical order. Example input: my_list = [ ... In Python, both list.sort method and sorted built-in function accepts an optional parameter named key, which is a function that, given an element from the list returns its sorting key.. Older Python versions used a different approach using the cmp parameter instead, which is a function that, given two elements from the list returns a negative number if the first is …Welcome to Python! For sake of completness: the "key" parameter to srot functions/methods accepts a function as its parameter. The operator module provides usefull functions to tasks that are ordinarily done by the language Syntax itself - like an "add" function to do the same the " + " token does in the language, and in this case the …As Python's sort is stable, it's easiest to sort twice: sorted_li = sorted(li, key=itemgetter(0)) sorted_li.sort(key=itemgetter(1), reverse=True) but attention that you must use your lowest priority order at first , then the others base on the priority. the highest priority order must be the last one. it is the most important thing that you ...So I was solving a problem and I found out sort is not stable-sort if key is not provided it will sort according to the second element if key is not provided but according to documentation its always stable sort: The sort() method is guaranteed to be stable. A sort is stable if it guarantees not to change the relative order of elements that compare equal — this is helpful for sorting in ...26. The most generic way to do this is simply to sort separately by each key in turn. Python's sorting is always stable so it is safe to do this: sort (data, key=tiebreakerkey) sort (data, key=datekey, reverse=True) will (assuming the relevant definitions for the key functions) give you the data sorted by descending date and ascending tiebreakers.Introduction. Grab a list of keys with the dictionary keys method. Sort that with the list sort method. Step through the result with a Python for loop.Two keys will be used when we need to sort a list with two constraints: one in ascending order and the other in descending, in the same list or any. In your example, sortedList = sorted (myList, key = lambda y: (y [0].lower (), y [1])) you can sort entire list only in one order. You can try these and check what's happening:My project oyaml is a monkeypatch/drop-in replacement for PyYAML. It will preserve dict order by default in all Python versions and PyYAML versions. >>> import oyaml as yaml # pip install oyaml >>> yaml.dump ( {"b":1, "a": 2}) 'b: 1\na: 2\n'. Additionally, it will dump the collections.OrderedDict subclass as normal mappings, rather than Python ...Use the sorted () function to sort the dictionary based on the keys and values, bypassing the itemgetter () function as a key. Assign the sorted dictionary to the res variable. Print the original and sorted dictionaries. The original dictionary is : {'Gfg': 1, 'is': 3, 'Best': 2, 'for': 3, 'Geeks': 2} Sorted dictionary : {'Best': 2, 'Geeks': 2 ...To do this, we’ll first get the keys of the dictionary and then sort them in alphabetical order. In Python, you can use the built-in dictionary method .keys () to get a list of all the keys in the dictionary. Let’s call the .keys () method on the dessert dictionary to retrieve the keys, as shown below. Calling Python’s built-in sorted ...To provide the best experiences, we and our partners use technologies like cookies to store and/or access device information. Consenting to these technologies will allow us and our partners to process personal data such as browsing behavior or unique IDs on this site and show (non-) personalized ads.Is there a way to sort the rows of a numpy ndarray using a key (or comparator) function, without resorting to converting to a python list? In particular, I need to sort according to this function: c1,c2= 4,7 lambda row: c1*(row[1]/c2)+row[0]Here is an example to pretty print the sorted contents of a Python dictionary values: for key, value in sorted (dict_example.items (), key=lambda d_items: d_items [1]): print (" {} : {}".format (key, value)) The Python pprint module actually already sorts dictionaries by key.I have a list of lists where the first element of each nested list is an identifier. I would like to use that identifier to sort the nested lists in alphabetical order. Example input: my_list = [ ... Pythonで共通のキーを持つ辞書を要素とするリストをsort()メソッドやsorted()関数でソートしようとすると、デフォルトではエラーTypeErrorになってしまう。sort()メソッドやsorted()関数の引数keyを指定することで辞書のリストを特定のキーの値に従ってソートできる。Sorting dictionary keys in python [duplicate] Ask Question Asked 14 years, 7 months ago. Modified 10 years, 3 months ago. Viewed ... (key,value) pairs sorted by key. ...and doesn't require providing the dict variable name more than once (I tend to have very long descriptive variable names). d.iteritems() still seems the most useful. – travc.Introduction. Grab a list of keys with the dictionary keys method. Sort that with the list sort method. Step through the result with a Python for loop.You'll need to provide a key function to sort case insensitively.. On Python 3 you'd use the str.casefold() function, on Python 2 sticking to str.lower() is fine:. OrderedDict(sorted(named_sets.items(), key=lambda i: i[0].lower())) Note the lambda; you are sorting key-value pairs, but set objects are not orderable so you want to return just the key, folded to compare without case.Well, sort is not a user/built-in Python function. It is a method on lists, but, not a name accessible globally. Even if you would use it (through key=list.sort), it would not give you your desired result, as the key function is used to transform each element before sorting.. By default (without specifying the key parameter), sorted should already sort strings alphabetically (sort of), same ...Careful design of the sort key lets you retrieve commonly needed groups of related items using range queries with operators such as begins_with, between, >, <, and so on. Composite sort keys let you define hierarchical (one-to-many) relationships in your data that you can query at any level of the hierarchy.Python 计算字典值之和. Python 按键 (key)或值 (value)对字典进行排序 Python3 实例 给定一个字典,然后按键 (key)或值 (value)对字典进行排序。. 实例1:按键 (key)排序 [mycode3 type='python'] def dictionairy (): # 声明字典 key_value = {} # 初始化 key_value [2] ..Customize Sort Function. You can also customize your own function by using the keyword argument key = function.. The function will return a number that will be used to sort the list (the lowest number first):Since Python 3.7 dictionary keys have a guaranteed ordering (which is insertion order, not an actual sort). Bye bye unordered dictionary keys. - NeilG. ... but this gives you the reverse order of the sorted keys, not necessarily the reverse order of the keys how they have been added. I.e. it won't give you 1 0 3 if your dictionary was: a = {3 ...The line list.sort (cmp=lambda a,b:-1 if b==0 else 0) itself: Now, the condition in the comparator is whether b==0, if so indicate that b has a bigger value than a (the sign of the result is negative), otherwise indicate that the values compare the same (the sign is zero). Whilst Python's list.sort () is stable, this code is not sane, because ...2. The key = lambda student: student [2] tells the sorted function what is the criterion on which the elements of student_tuples are meant to be sorted. so the lambda function takes investigates each element of student_tuples (which is called here student) and then takes its second element student [2]. The list in then sorted by the value of ...英文:Python .sort() – How to Sort a List in Python,作者:Dionysia Lemonaki 在本文中,你将学习如何使用 Python 的 sort() 列表方法。. 你还将学习使用 sorted() 函数在 Python 中执行排序的不同方式,以便了解它与 sort() 的不同之处。Apr 13, 2017 · @user119o: "Above 2 tuples are not correctly sorted according to y value" - yeah, because they're sorted by x value. The circles in your picture aren't arranged in perfect columns. If you want to detect the approximate grid structure and order the circles by that structure, you'll need something a lot more complex than a sort by two keys. Or the second sorted could be replaced by doing an in-place sort on the intermediate list: l1 = sorted (l, key=lambda k:k ['surname'], reverse=True) l1.sort (key=lambda k:k ['name']) print (l1) A possible solution to avoid having to sort twice would be to define a comparison function cmp2 returning -1, 0 or 1 as appropriate (note the reversed ...key callable, optional. If not None, apply the key function to the series values before sorting. This is similar to the key argument in the builtin sorted() function, with the notable difference that this key function should be vectorized. It should expect a Series and return an array-like. Returns: Series or NoneNote that the sorted() function returns a list instead of a set. We can again convert this list to a set using the set() function. However, this is redundant since sets are unordered. Use the sort() Method to Sort a Set in Python. The sort() Method is used to sort the elements given in a list in ascending or descending order. It is a destructive process, i.e., unlike the sorted() function, the ...